CONSULTA  DE PSICOLOGÍA ESTEBAN

"Construyendo puentes hacia el bienestar"

Mi Blog de Psicología.

La idea de la creación de este blog se debe a la importancia que doy a mantenerme actualizada en los avances que la Psicología ofrece cada día, en su busqueda por mejorar el bienestar de cada uno de nosotros y que quiero compartir de una forma fácil y accesible con vosotros.

Por eso en mi blog iré publicando diferentes entradas relacionadas con temas de actualidad tanto de Psicología general como de temas relacionados con los jóvenes y adolescentes que puedan servir de ayuda a los padres, aportando algunos consejos o pautas que puedan facilitarles la díficil tarea de educar a un hij@.

Última 5 entradas

  • ¿QUÉ PUEDO HACER COMO MADRE O PADRE PARA EVITAR EL ACOSO ESCOLAR?
  • EDUCAR EN IGUALDAD
  • ¿QUÉ TIPO DE MADRE O PADRE SOY?
  • ¿CÓMO SABER CUÁNDO ACUDIR AL PSICÓLOGO?
  • ¿CÓMO PROTEGER A MI HIJO EN LAS REDES SOCIALES?

05.05.2016

¿QUÉ PUEDO HACER COMO MADRE O PADRE PARA EVITAR EL ACOSO ESCOLAR?

Estilos educativos y su relación con el acoso escolar

El acoso escolar es un problema grave, que afecta a un gran número de menores (aunque sólo salgan en los telediarios los casos más graves y llamativos) cada día, consistente en una situación de violencia mantenida de un escolar, o un grupo de escolares, hacia otro compañero al que convierten en su víctima habitual generando daño psicológico, en ocasiones también daños físicos, que pueden tener secuelas que permanecerán aun después de acabar el acoso o de que se cambien a la víctima de colegio e incluso en lamentables ocasiones en el suicidio de estos menores. Por este motivo y porque en los últimos años la difución de los medios de comunicación han puesto un énfasis en este tipo de noticias, muchos padres y madres se preguntan ¿hay algo que pueda hacer como madre o padre que evite el acoso escolar? La respuesta no es sencilla porque el acoso escolar es una situación en la que intervienen múltiples factores tanto en los agresores como en las víctimas, además de los profesores e instituciones involucradas en este tipo de conflictos. Teniendo en cuenta por tanto esta complejidad, hay estudios que indican que un adecuado estilo educativo con los hij@s puede reducir la probabilidad de que nuestros hij@s se vean involucrados en el bullying o acoso escolar, ya sea como víctima o como agresores.
Acoso escolar.jpgLos estilos educativos ya fueron tratados más ampliamente en un post anterior (¿Qué tipo de madre o padre soy?), pero a modo de resumen indicar que suelen dividirse en 4 estilos educativos diferentes: democrático, indiferente, permisivo y autoritario (Baumrind (1968), Maccoby y Martin (1983)), siendo esta clasificación válida en múltiples estudis en relación con la adaptación psicosocial de los menores y su utilidad en amplios rangos de edad y culturas diferentes y siendo adaptada por varios autores como Baumrid (1991) para población adolescente. Las investigaciones más actuales (Oliva, Parra, Sanchez-Quejia y Lopez, 2007) se centran más en una perspectiva dimensional que es capaz de ofrecer un mayor número de estilos parentales, siendo estos menos rígidos y aportando una mayor información. Las últimas investigaciones en relación a los estilos parentales y el acoso escolar (Gómez-Ortiz, Del Rey, Romera y Ortega-Ruiz, 2015), indica que el estilo democrático además de ser el más habitual, es el que más beneficia a los jóvenes, en relación con menores problemas internalizantes y externalizantes, mayor desarrollo positivo, satisfacción vital y autoestima. Esos resultados eran congruentes con los de otras investigaciones, indicando a su vez en el beneficio que aporta en el ajuste de los adolescentes previniendo la delincuencia, la implicación en el acoso escolar, el desarrollo de la autoestima, el rendimiento académico, la competencia social y la capacidad resiliente (1). Además este estilo parental en ambos progenitores favorece el desarrollo de un apego seguro con los que se reduce la probabilidad de problemas psicopatológicos y un mayor desarrollo positivo, o en su defecto, cuando alguno de los progenitores presenta dicho estilo. Por el contrario un estilo educativo negligente en ambos progenitores favorece la implicación de los jóvenes en la delincuencia.

Un estudio reciente (2015) indicaba que un estilo educativo democrático supervisor (aquel que supervisa al adolescente, posee un cierto control comportamental, pero un moderado control psicológico) es el que permite a los jóvenes una mayor auto revelación de sus intereses y problemas, con un buen nivel de comunicación, afecto, humor y promoción de la autonomía personal, siendo el que parece que mejor ajuste genera en los adolescentes, al relacionarse con una menor agresión y victimización y una mayor resiliencia y apego seguro. Estas actitudes parentales, son aún más beneficiosas si van acompañadas de un buen humor, de una elevada promoción de la autonomía de los jóvenes y de la conducta de revelación filial, limitando con ello, el uso de estrategias de control ,manipuladoras; siendo importante destacar que lo mejor para nuestros hij@s es que ambos progenitores presenten este estilo educativo democrático, aunque no posean el mismo estilo democrático. En el siguiente cuadro se indican los efectos que tiene este estilo educativo en los hij@s:

Pautas educativas.jpg
En cambio, las pautas educativas que conllevan un elevado control y sobreprotección materna, junto a un estilo autoritario paterno, tiene como consecuencia, que el menor se sienta escasamente aceptado por el padre, y controlado y sobreprotegido por la madre, dificultando la asimilación de pautas de afrontamiento (Pepler et al. 2008), circunstancia que les situará en una posición especialmente vulnerable ante relaciones interpersonales adversas, favoreciendo que se convierta en víctima de acoso.

Con respecto a los agresores los estilos parentales negligentes e indulgentes que conllevan una baja supervisión y control familiar pueden favorecer una menor adaptación social, ya que privan a los jóvenes de pautas básicas de socialización, facilitando conductas violentas hacia los demás, otros estudios también indican que el estilo autoritario predispone a este tipo de conductas. Varios estudios también relacionan a los agresores en el acoso escolar con baja calidad de las relaciones familiares y/o a climas familiares negativos; ya que estos jóvenes perciben escasa autonomía, carencia de normas claras y solo un nivel medio de aceptación/implicación en ambos progenitores.

Por tanto el comportamiento prosocial y el comportamiento agresivo son los extremos de una dimensión definida por procesos cognitivos y emocionales de signo contrario, en los que los estilos de crianza contribuyen a su desarrollo y de ahí la importancia de ejercer un estilo educativo adecuado.

(1) Resiliencia: capacidad para superar y adaptarse a situaciones difíciles o traumáticas.

Puedes leer los artículos completos “Los estilos educativos paternos y maternos en la adolescencia y su relación con la resiliencia, el apego y la implicación en acoso escolar” Anales de Psicología 2015, Vol 31, Nº3 en este enlace y “Roles en bullying de adolescentes y preadolescentes, y su relación con el clima social y los estilos educativos parentales” Psicodidactica, 2015 en este enlace.

Ana López Esteban
Psicóloga y Perito forense

Ana Lopez Psicologa - 16:34 @ Psicología General, Madres y Padres | 47 comentarios

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